The Incarceration Of The United States - 1044 Words

Overview The United States has the highest prison population in the world, with over two million incarcerated (World Prison Brief, 2016), of whom many are juveniles. It is well documented that youths who enter this system are more likely to suffer a host of negative health and lifestyle outcomes, such as alcohol/drug abuse, high school dropout, and mental health problems. Such phenomena occur in stark contrast with the aims of the US juvenile justice system, which supposedly intends to help offending youths re-assimilate back into society as productive citizens. As previously mentioned, incarceration often leads to poor mental health, which when combined with the conditions of confinement significantly raises the rates of suicide and†¦show more content†¦Adolescents sentenced within the US juvenile justice system have especially high rates of recidivism (when compared with their adult counterparts), with male juveniles incarcerated at a rate five times higher than females (Sickmund e t al., 2015). African-Americans are an especially vulnerable demographic within this group. In numbers similar to the adult incarcerated population, youths of color are found in disproportionate numbers in every step of the US juvenile justice system, with African-American youths confined at nearly five times the rate of their white peers (The Annie E. Casey Foundation, 2013). Additionally, number of prior offences is an important factor, as first-time offenders are much less likely to re-offend than those with previous offences (Harrison et al., 2001). Gang-related activity and offenses were avoided for the purpose of this study, as gang-affiliation has an effect on the juveniles’ responses to the â€Å"positive peer pressure† of Teen Court programs. It is important to note, however, that for juveniles, previous incarceration acts as an even greater risk factor for future incarceration than gang membership (Holman Ziedenberg, 2006). It is important to note that only participants who completed the program were included in the analysis. Research shows that of those who participate in Teen Court programs, those who complete their sentence are significantly

Nationalism Is Not Always A Bad Thing - 949 Words

â€Å"Nationalism Is Not Necessarily a Bad Thing†, this is an article recently written by Michael Barone who claims that Nationalism is not always so bad. The author believes that if Nationalism is understood properly, it can be used as a driving force to unite disparate people into a society with a responsible government to guard them against foreign attacks. He thinks that Nationalist, being the citizens, feel stronger bond with their country. Thus, they consider serving their country as their responsibility and expect the government to protect its people. Micheal Barone argues that each nation has established its own particular culture, its own traditions, and its own written and unspoken rules; thus, a mindful nationalist must respect the norms and values of other nations. However, I believe the evidences he used are not relevant enough to support his claims; therefore, I oppose his standing that Nationalism is not a necessarily a bad thing. Michael Barone used sports nationalism to support his argument. He argues that sports nationalism easily embraces ethnic and racial diversity. People from nations with sharply divisive politics and suffering from economic setbacks and pervasive corruption (like the Olympics host, Brazil) nonetheless find themselves united in rooting for their country s athletes (Barone). Moreover, he stated that millions of people watching the Rio Olympics around the world are an indication of Nationalism being not so bad. He mentioned the examples ofShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Nationalism1434 Words   |  6 Pages Nationalism is a political ideology that has been around since the 19th century, the idea of nationalism stands for the nation-state and the love for the nation-state. It is able to bind different members of society within a certain geographical location to form a stronger bond and give the nation a sense of belonging and identity. 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Managers Accounting And Reporting Choices -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Managers Accounting And Reporting Choices. Answer: Introduction The function of finance of every organization whether small or whether big plays a very important role. It is because its only the finance function around which the working of the whole of the organization depends. For instance in order to make the purchases, finance is required and in order to receive the payments from the customers then also finance is required. Finance is performed by following the correct method of accounting and underlying accounting rules and procedures. Through this report the annual report of the company Woolworths Limited have been analysed for the year ending 30th of June 2016 and 30th of June 2015. In the first section, the accounting policy of the company for key items have been discussed and simultaneously the assessment of the flexibility in accounting have been done as to what extent it can be distorted by the managers of the company. In the third section, the strategy that the company has adopted in doing the accounting has been critically evaluated with reference to the position of the competitors. Section four has evaluated the quality of the disclosure that the management has made in their financial statements of the company. In the section five, the issue that has shown some discrepancies in the accounting policy or the strategy adopted by the management has been analysed. In the last section of the body of the investigation report, it has been analysed whether the company has followed the conceptual framework of accounting or not. With these sections, the report has been ended with the appropriate conclusion. History Of Company And Adopted Key Accounting Policies For the purpose of conducting the investigation report, the company Woolworths Limited has been selected. The company is a listed company in stock exchange of Australia and has been founded in the year of 1924 when it was the small store providing daily items for the consumer. With the passage of the time, the company has been growing with the multiplicity of factors on year on year basis and has stepped into the market of India by opening the joint venture as Croma. Since its formation, the company has made the focus on the daily consumer needs and has changed their products according to the needs of the consumer. In the current scenario, company is working as the supermarkets where all the items are readily available for the consumers at the cheap price. It includes from the products like fresh fruits, vegetables to the electronic items which in the todays era is very necessary for every household (Company Official Website, 2017). The financial year of the company usually ends as defined in the Corporations Act, 2001 ends on 25th of June every year. On looking after the financial statements of the company for the financial year ending 25th of June 2017, the following key accounting policies and estimated have estimated have been mentioned below: As per note number 1.3 of the financial statements of the company, the directors are authorized to make the judgments, estimates and assumptions that will affect the items as reported in the financial statements. The estimates, judgments and assumptions are based on the historical experience of the company as to how they have made the above in the earlier years. The matters involving the higher risk of having the material effect over the items as shown on the financial statements have been mentioned separately under the separate heads for Useful life assets for estimating the depreciation, impairment of the assets, onerous leases and operations that have been discontinued which includes the impairments and other details (Anastasia, 2015). For instance the company has adopted the accounting policy for the assets of the company is that the asset will be value at the cost incurred to bring asset to the present location and condition less the value of the depreciation as calculated on the basis of the estimated useful life of an asset less the amount of impairment loss if any as indicated by the conditions. With the aforesaid accounting policy, the major accounting estimate taken by the management is the measurement of useful life an asset. It is also regarded as the key success factor for every organization as the noncurrent assets forms part of the net worth of the company and the investors are at first willing to have the asset information immediately after knowing the earnings per share. There are other accounting policies too that is regarded as the critical success factor of the company recognition of the revenue, measurement of inventories, etc. Assessment of Accounting In the every organization, every managers of the company to some extent have the liberty to make the estimates or judgments at their comfort level which means in the manner which is leading the benefits to the managers (Weygandt, 2012). The most common motive for adopting the flexibility in the accounting is to have the increase in their remuneration. The company provides the remuneration to their managers on the basis of the two plans. One is as known by the name of the short term incentive and the other plan is the long term incentive. In this it is mentioned that if the revenue is increased by such percentage then the managers will receive the amount as remuneration. It is because of this factor the managers of the company are generally motivate to inflate the sales figure and thereby getting the higher remuneration. In this way the accounting policies of the company are considered as flexible by the managers (Cooper, 2015). The same can be noticed from the annual report of the co mpany that the companys revenue has been increased from $53473 million for the year ending 2016 to $55475 for the year ending 2017. It has been made despite of the fact that the company is in the process of saving the risk due to the foreign exchange currency and the closure of the BIG W business (Bryer, 2013). The company has very clearly defined in the annual report of the company that the company has followed all the accounting policies and the accounting procedures as defined in the accounting standards and the international reporting framework standards and has also complied with the conceptual framework of accounting. But as per the policies relating to the remuneration to be given to the directors of the company and the companys strategy to increase the wealth of the shareholders of the company, there are chances that the company might have involved in the manipulation of the figures of the items as shown in the financial statements of the company. They have used the estimates at their own judgmental level for instance the useful life of an asset that the company has estimated is at the discretion of the management and secondly the cash flows that the company has estimated for checking the impairment of the BIG W business is totally at the discretion of the manager of the company. Th ere might be the chance of distortion because of which the company has written off the impairment loss of $35.3 million in the financial year ending 2017. Thus, it can be very well inferred that there are the chances of having the higher degree of flexibility in choosing policies and estimates. Evalution of Strategy in Accounting Continuing with the accounting flexibility, the strategies that the company has adopted has in some manner has given an extended arm to the managers of the company to make the amendment and provide the distorted picture of the financial information of the company to the stakeholders including the shareholders of the company. As per the accounting norms and principles, each and every company shall comply with the generally accepted accounting policies and procedures that are universally applicable and made. Therefore, as per the industry norms, the accounting strategy is to the major extent flexible. But it has been reduced with the introduction of some normative theories of accounting like conceptual framework of accounting, continuous disclosure regime, etc. These two facilitates that the financial statements shall be relevant, shall be consistent, shall be error free and shall represent the faithfulness of the operations of the company. The increase in the revenue figure is totally the distortion of the financial information that the company represents to the stakeholders of the company. The further flexibility that the managers have taken, as depicted from the figures in the consolidated profit and loss account, by having the increased profit percentage. For the financial year ending 2016, the company has earned the earnings before interest and income tax at the rate of 2.79 % and for the year financial ending 2017 the company has earned the earnings before interest and income tax at the rate of 4.14 %. It is clubbed with the major that the revenue has been increased only by 3.74% (Company Official Website, 2017). It has very clearly dictated that the managers are truly and fully involved in the distortion of the figure of earnings before interest and income tax (Kothari and Ball, 2014). It is because by having the earnings before interest and income tax as higher the wealth of the shareholders will increase and th ereby will increase the interest of the shareholder to invest more in the firm. Similarly, in order to have the additional borrowings from the bank there might be the possibility that financial institution which is ready to extend the loan has decided to bring the level of debt equity to the level at below 1.40. As per the consolidated balance sheet, the debt equity ratio for the company has been decreased from the level of 1.67 at the yearend 2016 to 1.32 at the yearend 2017 (Ingram, 2008). As per the concept of the positive accounting theory, the accounting treatment of any transaction is governed by the understanding of the behavior of persons employed in the accounting department. According to this theory, the managers of the company will act in the manner in which they think it will actually fit. Therefore, as per the analysis made, there are high chances that the managers would have distorted the financial information of the company for the benefit of themselves and for the company. And it has also been inferred that the transactions have been greatly structured for the achievement of the objectives of the company in full. Evaluation Of Quality Disclosure With the introduction of the continuous disclosure regimes, the companies are required to disclose each and every information whether financial or non financial to the stakeholders of the company as quickly as it can. The information shall be of the nature which can affect the position of the company in the market by materially affecting the share price of the company (Sinha, 2012). On the plain reading and the analysis of the financial statements of the company, the adequate disclosures have been made. And more importantly along with the information that the company has disclosed in the annual report of the company, the auditors of the company has also disclosed the relevant information and the important matters in accordance with the new auditing standard number 701 on communicating the key audit matters to the client management. It facilitates that the company has followed the accounting standards and the accounting principles in true spirit. The notes to the financial statements have provided all the information relating to the particular item. For instance note number 3.3 of the financial statements of the company have fully described as to how the property plant and equipment will be valued at the end of every year, on what basis the useful life of an assets have been estimated and how the depreciation have been calculated. Before ending of this note, the company has disclosed the critical accounting estimates regarding the useful life of an asset and carrying value of properties (Company Official Website, 2017). For the former it says that the estimates of the useful life are reviewed at the end of each year and where it is changed then the written down value of the asset is depreciated accordingly. For the latter it is mentioned that for estimating the carrying value of the property plant and equipment the opinion of the external agencies are obtained at the end of every three year. It exhibits that the estimates or judgments made by the management will be checked and reviewed by the third part agencies also. Another important disclosure that the company has made for the BIG W is adequate as it has outlined all the major situations and the circumstances and the estimates that will prevail and according to that the company has detailed the analysis by following the sensitivity analysis for determining the impact of the key assumptions made on the recoverable amount of the BIG W and its has been analysed that there will be 45% set off the losses in the future years. Along with the above the company has made the proper disclosure of the segments. The company has the following segments which are reportable as per the accounting standards: Australian Food New Zealand Food Endeavour Drinks BIG W The annual report has detailed the separate profit and loss account for each segment as per the operations and as per the geographic location. In this manner, the quality of the disclosure of the information in the annual report is high. Identification Of Discrepancies The following discrepancies have been observed from the annual report of the company which requires further information to form the opinion: The debt equity ratio has been considerably decreased from 1.67 in the year 2016 to 1.32 in the year 2017. Information is required as to why it has been considerably decreased. Is there any debt covenant which has imposed by the financial institutions or the company wants to make the company as debt - free? It is because it has not been revealed from the annual report of the company that it has been decreased (Phillips and Heiser., 2011). The earnings before interest and taxes are at the increased level as compare to the previous year. The relation between the sales and the earnings before interest and taxes are as equivalent to the double proportionate value of the previous year. No explanation or disclosure has been made as to why the company has received the higher percentage of earnings before interest and tax. Although the company has made the impairment loss for the BIG W business, but the correct reason for continuing the same has not been detailed. It shall be supported by the external agency report or any other third party opinion. The auditor has communicated the three key audit matters to the management of the company identified during the audit. First matter is related to the discontinuance of the Home improvement business. It has been disclosed because of the complexity in the nature of accounting. The accounting details will be required for further investigation. Second is related to the recognition of the BIG W impairment and the third is related to the provisioning of inventory. In this way, there are discrepancies which require further information. Compliance With The Conceptual Framework The conceptual framework of accounting consists of the three qualitative characteristics. One is the faithful representation, second is relevancy and the third is consistency. Faithful representation states that the financial statements shall be free from error and neutral. Relevancy means it should be relevant for the users of the financial statements of the company and consistency means that the financial statements shall be prepared in consistent manner (Capital Markets Advisory Committee Meeting, 2013; International Accounting Standards Board, 2010). As per the notes to accounts of the financial statements and the significant policies of the financial statements, the company has followed the conceptual framework of accounting in full. It is because all the accounting policies have been mentioned and more importantly the critical accounting estimates and the judgments have been mentioned for estimating the useful life of an asset and carrying value of properties, calculation of impairment of assets, provisions for leased assets and the estimates made for the discontinued operation of the Home Improvement (Weiss, 2014). It has been further full filled when the auditor of the company has communicated the key audit matters in their audit report and that too only for the benefit of the stakeholders of the company. It depicts that even the company has not forced the auditor to not to disclose the information publicly rather hide it for the benefit of the company. For instance, the valuation of inventory, discontinued operation of BUG W, etc. Thus, the company has complied with the conceptual framework of accounting. Conclusion The accounting and finance part of every company plays a significant role in the success of the business. There have been many instances where the business has been collapsed only because of the wrong method of accounting adopted by the company and the working strategy adopted by the company regarding the disclosure to be made in the financial statements of the company. In the report, the accounting policy of the company Woolworths Limited have been analysed and the strategies that the company has adopted for the compliance with the conceptual framework, compliance with the required disclosures in accounting framework and the discrepancies if any in the annual report has been analysed and somewhere critically described with the competitor company Wesfarmers Limited. To conclude the investigation report, the company has been following the prescribed accounting policies and has adopted best strategy for the accounting and disclosure of the information. Referance Anastasia, (2015), Financial Statement Analysis : An Introduction available on https://www.cleverism.com/financial-statement-analysis-introduction/ accessed on 16-09-2017 Bryer, R.A., 2013. Double-entry bookkeeping and the birth of capitalism: accounting for the commercial revolution in medieval northern Italy.Critical perspectives on Accounting,4(2), pp.113-140. Capital Markets Advisory Committee Meeting, (2013), Conceptual Framework available on https://www.ifrs.org/Meetings/MeetingDocs/Other%20Meeting/2013/March/AP%203%20conceptual%20framework.pdf accessed on 16-09-2017 Company Official Website, (2017), Annual Reports available at https://www.woolworthsgroup.com.au accessed on 16/09/2017. Cooper S, (2015), A Tale of Prudence, available on https://www.ifrs.org/Investor-resources/Investor-perspectives-2/Documents/Prudence_Investor-Perspective_Conceptual-FW.PDF accessed on 16-09-2017. Ingram, R.W., 2008. A note on teaching debits and credits in elementary accounting.Issues in Accounting Education,13(2), p.411. International Accounting Standards Board, (2010), Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting 2010 , pages 16-21 Kothari, S.P. and Ball, R., 2014.Financial statement analysis. Mcgrew-Hill Companies. Phillips, F. and Heiser, L., 2011. A field experiment examining the effects of accounting equation emphasis and transaction scope on students learning to journalize.Issues in Accounting Education,26(4), pp.681-699. Sinha, G., 2012.Financial statement analysis. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.. Weygandt, J.J., , 2010. Accounting principles.Issues in Accounting Education,25(1), pp.179-180. Weiss D, (2014), Faithful Representation available on https://bschool.huji.ac.il/.upload/Seminars/Faithful%20Representation%20October%202014.pdf accessed on 16-09-2017.

Present and Future Values - and Expected Returns

Questions: 1. Importance of Present and Future values.2. Factors to be considered while computing Present value (PV) and Future value (FV).3. Practical applications of PV and FV method.4. Bond prices is inversely related to rising market rates. Answers: 1. Importance of Present and Future values PV is the current value on a given date of payment on a series of payments made at different times. The discounting method is used to find out the current value of a future payment. As such, the understanding of the concept of Present value of money, for a future investment becomes essential for future investments .A future value method estimates the future nominal value of the existing monetary amount. These two techniques are used in Capital budgeting techniques to assess the profitability of an investment. However, this does not include attributes like inflation, market demand while calculating the future sum. The capitalization method is used to find out the future value of an existing amount of money. 2. Factors to be considered while computing Present value (PV) and Future value (FV) Future payoff Hirsa and Neftci, (2013) mentioned that money at hand is offers more value than its future payoff. Thus, it becomes essential that the future payoff of money is considered, while calculating PV and FV value of money. Risk -There exists a certain risks in measuring Present (PV) and Future value(FV) of money, inspite of its usefulness and accuracies (DeFusco et al., 2015).As these factors do not consider market demands, inflation rate, and the average purchasing power of consumers the values calculated may differ with the actual, present and future value of money. Discount Rate As money derived from a third party incurs a bigger risk than money placed in a bank, such possibilities must be taken into account. In business finance, it is done through developing a certain discount rate. As such, the discount rate offered by banks is not accepted by corporate house, and settle for a higher discount rate. According to Hirsa and Neftci (2013), higher the risk, greater the discount rate assumed for calculating PV and FV. 3. Practical applications of PV and FV method The future value of money can be used in judging the financial viability investments of an investment. If $100 is made as an investment, the value of that amount in the span of one year can be calculated by using the future value (FV) formula. Besides this PV and FV, method can be used to calculate the cash flows of present day investments 4. Bond prices is inversely related to rising market rates When market interest rate rises, prices of bonds reduce. As such, this occurrence is known as interest rate risk. If we consider zero coupon bonds, which relates the monetary amount between the cost price and par value of bond at maturity. As an example- We take a zero-coupon bond, which is trading at the market at $950 and has a par value of $1,000 (paid at the bonds maturity in one year). The bond's rate of return at current time would be (1000-950) / 950 = 5.26% In this case, if current interest rates were to rise, it would result in bonds yielding at 10% rate if return. Thus, investors would not be interested in a zero-coupon yielding an return rate of 5.26%. Therefore, to create market demand, the cost of zero coupon bond shall have to fall, to match level of income in the existing yield rates. Thus, it can be seen that the bonds price is inversely related to the market interest rates. References DeFusco, R. A., McLeavey, D. W., Pinto, J., Runkle, D. E., Anson, M. J. (2015).Quantitative investment analysis. John Wiley Sons. Hirsa, A., Neftci, S. N. (2013).An introduction to the mathematics of financial derivatives. Academic Press.

Sales Essay Topics - Use These Tips To Write Sales Essay Topics

Sales Essay Topics - Use These Tips To Write Sales Essay TopicsSales essay topics are some of the most important factors when you write a business sales proposal. This is because they can make or break your chances of closing a sale. By the time you have finished reading this article, you will have learned some tips that will help you when writing a sales essay topic.The first tip when writing sales essay topics is to choose them carefully. Some people use their guesswork or instinct to choose topics that are more likely to be accepted by the sales team as the kind of sales essay they want to write. Other people do not use good judgment in this regard. Both groups of people need to learn from the other in order to move on and make the right decision in the end.The second tip is to be clear about what you are aiming for with your essay. Does it really need to be all about the sale? Or is there a particular company or product that you are trying to emphasize? Once you know what you are trying to do, it is easier to set up the outline for your essay topic.Sales essay topics are sometimes harder to write than the sales letters themselves. When you start writing your sales essay, be sure to plan out your ideas carefully. Look at the different products and services available to customers, and try to think of ways to describe those products and services to the customer. However, do not be too hasty with your planning.You may find that it takes time to get the writing down pat, but this is a lot better than trying to come up with a sales letter that is poorly written. Most of the mistakes that people make when writing sales letters end up hurting their chances of getting the sale. This is especially true when they are struggling to come up with something that will grab the attention of the reader.Also, make sure that you write a draft before actually submitting your essay. This way, you can make sure that you can write a good sales letter with no mistakes. You do not w ant to be the one who has to take the fall for someone else's writing errors.Another tip when writing sales essay topics is to remember that people read a lot differently than they do write. They are not necessarily checking out your essay to find out if they agree with what you have to say. They are looking for evidence that the product or service that you are promoting is a good one. Be sure to present that evidence to the customer in a manner that will convince them to purchase the product or service.You can use the tips that were given above to help you get started when writing sales essay topics. You can also see how others have addressed these topics and how effective their writing was. You can then pick up a few tips and apply them to your own sales essay so that you can write the best possible sales letter possible.

Aid to Africa; Whether It Should Be Cut or Not

Critics of Modern Civilization in India

Critics of Modern Civilization in India Critics of modern civilization in India Gandhi presented his critics of modern civilization in Hind Swaraj book, which most people opposed even without reading it. Majority disagreed with the issues that Gandhi discussed, and regarded the book as ridiculous. Jawaharlal was one of the close followers of Gandhi, and he disagreed with the views of Gandhi.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Critics of Modern Civilization in India specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Some people considered Gandhi as a representative of the old ages. The few people, who were interested with the book, did not get a chance to analyze it, as the government banned it as soon as possible (Gandhi 13). During the congress rule, the book was then revived in the market. In the book, Gandhi concentrated on various issues that were affecting the contemporary society. He wanted to realize the reason behind the increment of violence and terrorism trends. This issue had attracted international attention, as everyone looked for violent revolution in India as it was highly increasing. According to Gandhi, in his book, he said that the future of India was interconnected with peaceful events. This idea led to his strong opposition against the growing terrorism and violence. His intention was to introduce an alternative to replace violence and chaotic acts. During this period, British had dominated the Indian land, in efforts of spreading their way of life to the Indians (Gandhi 21). The introduction of formal education with regard to the British system, use of railways, medicine, and the incorporation of the legal system brought much change to the Indian society. Gandhi says that, he decided to examine further, the nature of British colonialism, and he realized the cause of all the problems was the modern civilization. According to his views, he defined modern civilization as more dangerous than colonialism. Adoption of modern civilization w as the cause of the problems that Indians faced. Gandhi tried to compare the modern civilization with the ethical practices of the Indian people, and discovered that the strength of the Indian people depends on their ethical living. Gandhi confessed that, his main theme was preserving the moral characters of the Indians. The question, of successfully convincing the Indians about the negative effects of modern civilization was extremely challenging him. Even the educated people, who could easily understand the evils of modern civilization, were already brainwashed.Advertising Looking for essay on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More At one point, Gandhi tried to argue and to convince other Indians how the country was degrading, due to accepting the western institutions, and their way of life (Gandhi 35). Gandhi was convinced that the acts of western civilization and the increased cases of violence were inseparable. The only solution according to him was to eradicate the influence of British for the well-being of the Indians. The use of dialogue in Hind Swaraj helped him to convey the message of evils of civilization. The dialogue was between a reader and the editor. He considered the use of dialogue of two equal partners to air the views of challenges faced by the contemporary society, as the most effective. His efforts were to put India in its prominent position with other nations. Gandhi made some arguments of the fact that, the strength of India did not rely on the work of its military, but in Indians ethical behaviors (Gandhi 57). Although, he thought politics played a significant role in solving peoples problems, politicians were supposed to serve people, but not to dominate. Gandhi honored the strength and powers of nationalism, due to its capability in solving the Indians problems. Gandhi made people understand that modern civilization was based on acquiring material wealth, and hence c ould not give ethical living a chance. Indians could not stick to their ethical practices, as they used to rush regularly to grab wealth. The greed for wealth affected the development of the individual’s personality, ethical practices, and moral values, which are relied on promoting peace and cohesion in the society. Gandhi claimed that moral values and admirable qualities were not present in the modern western civilization. The quality of lives for Indian people was to be emphasized through embracing ethical and moral moorings. He emphasized on culture more than civilization, as it was considered the cause of all problems that Indians faced. Factory civilization that resulted from modern civilization affected the value of a human being negatively (Gandhi 61) The introduction of industrialization widened the gap between the wealth people and those below the average. In addition, industrialization resulted to hatred and discrimination among the Indians. Modern civilization led to alienation according to Gandhi. On the other hand, it was also raised that, through class struggle, there would be a high likelihood of violence and hatred among the Indians. Centralization of power was also believed to result to some evils, as only few who will acquire power and dominate the rest. Through industrialization, the cities were believed to grow and expand, hence destroying the harmonious lives in rural areas. Exploitation and acts of inequalities were high in cities and towns than in rural surroundings.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Critics of Modern Civilization in India specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nevertheless, Gandhi still knew of positive effects of western civilization such as the introduction of law and constitutionalism. Western civilization also entailed some positive impacts such as civil liberty, and economic development. On the other hand, Gandhi discovered western civilization mai nly resulted to competition and becoming rich, and greed for power (Gandhi 69). This analysis brought the conclusion that; positive impacts of western civilization were small, compared to the problems it brought. The improvement of people’s quality of life was Gandhi’s principal concern, as opposed to the quantity development aimed by the British. The introduction of modern civilization was making machines overtake men; hence, the human labor was acting like slavery. According to Gandhi western civilization was based on animosity, he declared that even for West modernization was wicked. The views of Gandhi proved that colonialism was one of the many fruits of western civilization. In his book, Gandhi requested the Indians to adopt technology only suitable to their needs (Gandhi 71). He focused his interests mostly about the youths and concentrated much on educational reforms. Kim’s identity Kim is a very intriguing book and most people prefer reading it. The peo ple, who read this book outside India, always developed an urge to visit the place. Kimball O’Hara is the main character in the book, mainly known as Kim. He appears in the first page of the book sitting on enormous cannon in the middle of the city of Lahore. The author of the book portrays Kim fighting other boys, who intended to take his position. On this very day, Kim starts a journey that shapes his life fully later. The hero of the author was this young boy known as Kim. Kim looked and behaved like any other normal Indian. His father was an English man, who died and left Kim with notes specifying his identity. Kim always carried with him those notes concerning the secret of his identity (Kipling 11). Kim was a knowing young boy and ever searching for his identity. Kim accompanied Iama, a Buddhists priest, who wanted to be shown his way to wonder house. It was a fantastic opportunity for him to search what his father had indicated in the notes. Kim’s father had ind icated that one day; Kim would be befriended by a red bull on a green environment, accompanied by colonel on his horse in a group of nine hundred devils (Kipling 39). The definition that his father had given was not clear to Kim about what he meant. It did not dawn on Kim that his father referred to his old Irish regiment, its ruling officer, and its followers of nine hundred men. When Kim found this group of people, he became a player in the great game of Indians spying. He got an opportunity to learn crucial skills such as map reading and map making in st. Xavier, as preparation for his role in Indians exciting game.Advertising Looking for essay on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Kim disclaims the racist modes of characters and shows the future racial harmony. The identity of Kim is used in the book as the bridge between the colonizers and the colonized. The author of the book tries to demonstrate Kim’s identity crisis and his chameleon like characters (Kipling 66). This is well demonstrated through Kim’s relationships with the natives. The culture aspect of Kim was significantly affected through the interaction of Asian and European practices. Kim’s identity crisis is because of native culture, which he feels being part of it. At a point, Kim considered Mahhub Ali as a traitor, because he betrayed him back to the British. Although Kim felt more superior to other Indians, he demonstrated feelings of closeness to the Indians. The author describes Kim as a â€Å"Friend of the entire world†, which is seen as ironic, as he related with natives in a hatred way. He treated his friends and other natives in a negative attitude, except for the Iama to whom he showed love. Although Kim insisted of perfect equality, he acted negatively when he removed the Indian boys who had occupied his place. He did this because he was English, and English people were superior. Despite that, Kim was a poor boy; the Indian boy whose father was rich could not manage to take Kim’s position. Kim’s identity crisis was felt in all aspects of life. For instance, in st. Xavier where he considered himself a sahib, things were exceedingly different. Other children in school discriminated Kim and gave him unwelcoming response (Kipling 27). In this school, Kim learnt how to behave in a more superior manner over other natives by force. What helped him most throughout the school life was that, he believed he was better compared to other Indians. The blood of white in Kim was seen to prevail, when he decided to join British secret service, and contribute to the fight against Indians. This aspect enforced the author’s belief of genetic differences between races. When Mahbub Ali asked Kim who is exactly his people, Kim responded just like any other colonizer, and declared that great and beautiful land was his answer. The answer, which Kim gave, was a clear show, of the division between him and the natives. It was clear that it was not possible for Kim to do away with his white culture. Kim severally showed fear of snakes, some of the incidences that proved that it was impossible for Kim to escape his British blood (Kipling 45). Other incidences, which portrayed Kim’s identity crisis, were how his mind functioned. For instance, when he was relaxed his mind functioned like a Hindi. When situations of confusion arose and needed to think deep, Kim’s mind functioned like an English person. In several occasions, his mind shifted from the darkness that was burying it, and took refuge in English thinking. Although Kim had lived among natives for many years, the superiority of white blood and culture, could not allow him to believe the illusions of natives. Kim’s identity became questionable, when at times forgot he was a sahib he would later recall that he is a white. For instance, when Kim was in Jain temple he bent down forgetting st. Xavier, forgetting his superior white blood, and even great game. He was in a status of confusion, and could not determine who he was. He went to the extent of asking, â€Å"Who is Kim-Kim-Kim† (Kipling 54). In the same incidence, Kim is heard confessing to a shamlegh woman how he wrestled with his soul until he was strength less. It was clear that, it was not easy for Kim to handle the conflicting cultures and identities that existed in him. There were no fixed contours to define the identity of Kim, because his skin color was undecided, as he was black like any other native, although not very black. Kim was Irish by birth the culture that was dominant in him was Asiatic, but he received treatment of an Englishman. His personality entailed conflicting characters. In addition, Kim did not have a well-defined or social identity, because at a point in the book he is heard asking, whether he is a Hindu, Jain, or Buddhist (Kipling 19). Mahbub Ali who was acting like his biological father could also not define the real identity of Kim. The most confusing point is when Kim could not decide whether he would like to be a sahib with dignity of education or to be a colonized native. He later managed this status of choosing his identity by becoming a colonizer. Gandhi, Mahatma. Hind Swaraj. New Delhi: Rajpal Sons, 2010. Print. Kipling, Rudyard. Kim. New York: Create Space, 2009. Print.